Gender Inequality For Women Working - 1209 Words

Women Inequality: Gender Inequality for Women Working in the US Labor Force. By Karla Hernandez English II Mrs. Desai 6 May 2016 Karla Hernandez Mrs. Desai English II 6 May 2016 Women Inequality: The Gender Inequality for Women Working in the US Labor Force. According to the International Trade Union Confederation ever since 1979 the equality gap in pay had gone up, in 2010 women now earned 81% of what male employees earned. That later changed the wage gap opened, woman pay dropped by 46.7 in 2011 and it is not expected go to up until later than 2018. It is an injustice that men get payed more than women when they both have same jobs and same tasks, in some jobs women do a better job at what they do than men, but they don t notice that. Even tho women are being hired 51% of the women hired to work in the US labor force is mainly given the position at a healthcare department or something very basic. Are men afraid of women taking their jobs? Of society thinking less of them because a women can make more money than them? This doesn t just affect the normal people, it affects everyone even movie stars and singers. Section One: Summary Section The article Everything You Need To Know About The Hollywood Pay Gap, published in November 12, 2015. This article discussed the pay-gap with actors and actress, describing and comparing how much the highest-paid actress and actor make in a year. The article Salary Differences Between MaleShow MoreRelatedGender Issues For Women s Mothers At Work1510 Words   |  7 PagesGender related issues for women inparticula mothers at work. Gender inequality Inequalities have been prevalent since the beginning of civilization. Up until the women’s movement, did we see a shift in feminism whereby women would gain certain rights. Within this movement, the role of the women fell short to discrimination and gender inequalities. The argument stands forth and is true that there are gender inequalities prevailing in all aspects of society. Thus, the concept of gender is notRead MoreThe Issue Of Gender Income Inequality1060 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of gender income inequality in terms of age. Gender income inequality can be described as the unequal treatment between men and women in terms of revenue, and has been an issue for women for a long period of time. According to Workplace Gender Equality Agency, the average gender pay gap between full-time men and women increases in accordance to age, when the gap begins to narrow due to reduced income in retirement. This report will explain the main issue of gender income inequality in ter msRead MoreFactors of Social Inequality723 Words   |  3 PagesDISCUSS FIVE FACTORS OF INEQUALITY IN OUR SOCIETY. Gender refers to socially constructed roles and responsibilities of women and men. The difference in roles and responsibilities among women and men stems from our families, societies and culture. The concept of gender includes our expectations about the characteristics, attitudes and behaviours of women and men, and is vital in facilitating gender analysis. The different roles, rights and resources that both the genders have in society are importantRead MoreWorkplace Gender Inequality Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace Gender Inequality Gender inequality is currently a hot topic in our society. From education, to the entertainment industry, and more importantly, our daily lives, gender inequality has created a powerful divide between females and males with the seemingly same qualifications and background. The same trend follows in the workplace, females are less likely to hold positions of authority compared to their equivalent male counterparts. This is a key contributor to the lack of gender equalityRead MoreGender Inequality1645 Words   |  7 PagesGender inequality is currently a hot topic in our society. From education, to the entertainment industry, and more importantly, to our daily lives, gender inequality has created a powerful divide between females and males. The same trend follows in the workplace, where females are less likely to hold positions of authority compared to their male counterparts, which is a key contributor to the workplace gender inequality all across the United States. There are a lot of common misconceptions aboutRead MoreThe Role Of Gender Inequality On Young Girls873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Gender Inequality All parents care about equality. Not only for all races, but for all genders as well. Equality is, and will always be the basic foundation of humanity. However, we still see gender inequality on a daily basis negatively affecting not only women, but young girls as well. This is because society uses women to appeal to an audience, and portrays them as being objects. If gender inequality stays a prominent part of the American culture, equality will never be reached. Read MoreThe Marxist Feminism Theory And The Social System1176 Words   |  5 PagesHealth is a social construct system and health inequality is the result from social dysfunction. Health determinants are the combined factors that influence an individual or the community’s’ health such as the social environment, economic environment and the individual characteristics and behaviours (Germov, 2014). Firstly, the Marxist feminism will be discussed. This theory believes social structure shapes the group’s behaviours and perspectives. People who have a higher socioeconomic status haveRead MoreGender Inequality : A Critical Issue That Affects Women s Rights1662 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality Research Paper Gender inequality is a critical issue that affects more women than their male counterparts all around the world. Gender inequality is a form of legal discrimination towards women’s rights. In order to progress and grow as a community and society, gender equality needs to be acknowledged. According to LISTVERSE, the top ten â€Å"extreme† examples of gender inequality towards women that exists around the world today, specifically in the Middle East and North Africa, areRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement of promoting gender equality is exponentially growing every year; however, gender inequality is still a persistent problem in today’s workforce. Each year, gender inequality, especially employment equity, the distinct barrier between genders in the workforce, has become a topic of contention as its affecting working individuals worldwide, especially women. Before examining this problem, we must further understan d what gender inequality is in the workplace. Gender inequality is an ascriptive factorRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Introduction For many decades now it has been said that there has been inequality in the workplace, it has been a major issue in the workplace in terms of women not being allowed to have certain jobs as well as in terms of women not being promoted within the workplace which all contributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many social

Difficulities in the Play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine...

Difficulities in the Play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry In the four years between 1861 and 1865 this country was in civil war over the rights and freedom of blacks in America. When all was said and done, the blacks won their freedom and gained several rights that would make their lives better. Nearly one hundred years later, in 1959, Lorraine Hansberry wrote her great play, A Raisin in the Sun. It described the everyday life of a black family in the Southside of Chicago sometime after World War II. Throughout the play, Hansberry talks of the difficulties that the Younger family faces trying to get from one day to another; the problems that should have been resolved by the Civil War. Even after the Civil War and†¦show more content†¦When Ruth says. ?So you would rather be Mr. Arnold than be his chauffer? (p. 1811), she knows that he is tired of being ?low man on the totem pole? and wants to be able to give his son the luxuries of life. While on the other hand Rut h and Mama work in kitchens and do house work for white families. And finally, Beneatha is going to school to become a doctor, and all she gets from Walter is harassment because she is a black female. At one time he even say, ?Who the hell told you you had to be a doctor? If you so crazy bout messing round with sick people -- then go be a nurse like other women? (p. 1813). He himself is discriminating his own sister by stereotyping a woman?s place in society. Although it is illegal, this type of discrimination is still fairly common today . If a person of a minority and a white person both go in for an interview for two positions, it is more likely that the white person will get the better of the two jobs. Just because a company says that they are an, ?equal opportunity? business, does not mean that they always stick to it because there is usually a way to get around most things. Another way that they are discriminated against is prices for the necessary items needed in life. As M argaret B. Wilkerson points out in her introduction to the original screen play, there is a scene where Mama stops to buy fruit at the local market, but is angered by the ?flippant and disrespectful

Parity of Participation in Liberal Welfare States †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Parity of Participation in Liberal Welfare States. Answer: Introduction: Castro was a worker working on a site for approximately two weeks. He was not the member of the team working in the site and was engaged in moving very heavy oxygen cylinders (about 146 lbs) needed on the sites. These very heavy oxygen cylinders needed to be carried from a place, which was 20-30 yards away from the site. The nature of the site did not permit the use of trolleys to help the workers carry these heavy oxygen cylinders. One fine day, when Castro was carrying the heavy oxygen cylinder he injured his back causing him permanent disability. This happened as he slipped and fell while carrying the said heavy oxygen cylinder, Castro was carrying the said oxygen cylinder across his arms, which were held in front of his body when he slipped and fell on his back and the oxygen fell with him to the other side of his body. The incident caused damages to Castro, which was permanent in nature. Therefore, the issue in the said case is to determine whether employer in the said case will be accused of negligence in providing a safe place system of work to his employees. The negligence of the said employer can be proved under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 in Australia and also under the tort law of negligence. The Australian parliament gives powers to each state to pass its independent state Acts. Therefore, the every state in Australia has its own different set of employment laws. In the said case, we have used the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and Regulations, which are applicable in New South Wales State of Australia. The employment laws in Australia are very strict and protect the well-being of every employees working in Australia (Australia 2011). The employment laws in Australia also keep a check on every employer engaging employees in Australia to provide the employees with safe and health working conditions. The employment laws make certain parameters, which every employer needs to comply with in Australia, relating to safety and health of the employees they engage or hire. In Australia, there are three major regulations, which govern the workplace safety, and health regulations, which every employer needs to comply with to maintain a good, safe and healthy working environment fo r his employees. These legislations are Work Health and Safety Act 2011, Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011 and Safe Work Australia Act 2008 (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2012). The meaning of the term worker as defined under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 is an individual who carries out work in any capacity for an individual who is conducting a business and includes within its scope works like employer, subcontractor, employee of a subcontractor, a trainee, student working to gain work experience and a volunteer (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinis 2012). The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 make provisions, which make it a duty of every employer to maintain certain required standards of health and safety measures for the employees working for their undertaking or business. The basic duty which every employee is obliged towards is appropriate management of risk. Section 17 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 states that a duty is imposed on every individual who acts as an employer to eliminate the risk of health and safety as far as it is reasonably practical to do so. In case where it is not possible to eliminate risk to the health and safety of employer, it is the duty of every individual hiring such employees to minimize those risks as far as reasonably practical to do so (Dympna Glendenning 2012). The next section of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 defines what is reasonably practically as this term can be very misleading and interpreted according to ones comforts. Therefore, section 18 defines what is the standard requirement for ensuring health and safety in a reasonably practical manner according to the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Braun, Skene and Merry 2010). Reasonably Practical in relation to ensuring health and safety means a thing, which was practically possible to be done at the time the potential risk or hazard, appeared to occur and the availability of methods to reduce the said risk as conducted or employed by the employer (Symeonides 2011). The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 make it the primary duty of the employer or an individual who engages workers to ensure the health and safety of his workers while the workers are at work for his business or understanding. This means that the employer has no responsibility of any health risk or safety risk, which the employers may face when the same are not connected or attributed to the workplace of the employer. Therefore, a working working in a textile mill is diagnosed with asthma which is not a result of his work place will not make the employer liable under the said Act (Quinlan2012). In a recent case, an organisation and officers in Australia where charged for violation of health and safety provisions under Work Health and Safety Act 2011.In Mckie v Al-Hasani and Kenoss Contractors Pty Ltd (in liq) [2015] ACTIC 1 (23 June 2015), on March 2012, Kenoss Contractors Pty Ltd was conducting some work in a tunnel site in Australia. A truck driver was electrocutedby tripping from his truck to unload gravel at the dumping ground of the site (Bloom 2010). This happened as the truck driver touched a power line in the tunnel. Thus, the organisation and its management was charged of violating the provisions of Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Crivelli, Furceri and Toujas-Bernate 2012). The judgement in the said case was against the organisation, which was liable to pay the penalties under the section 32 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. Thus, the above-mentioned case law in Australia makes it clear that it is mandatory for all employers in Australia to ensure that they maintain a reasonably practical preventive measure to eliminate or minimise any potential risks, which affect the health and safety of the employees who are working for the employers. This risk requires preventive safeguards from the employer only while the employee is working and no after-work hour health and safety requirements are necessary (Parker Harris, Owen and Gould 2012). However, if an injury or harm is attributed due to the effect of workplace, the employer will be liable under Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Squelch and Guthrie 2010). The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 make provisions for various penalties when the employers fail to ensure health and safety of their workers and employees. The penalties under the said Act are stated in Division 5 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. The penalties are described by classifying the same into different categories. There are three categories, which give the limit of the compensation, which the employer is required to bear in case he breaches the provisions of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 depending upon the seriousness of damage, which is caused to the employee or the worker. The negligent of an employer under the said Act also attracts the violation of tort law of negligence. Thus, an employer who has failed to ensure health and safety safeguards for his employers also can be charged against negligence under the tort laws in Australia (Coumarelos et al. 2012). Negligence is a part of tort law, which is referred as a failure by a person to exercise his duty of care towards an individual to whom the said person owed that breached duty of care. The essence of proving negligence is that injury and damage should result from the beach of duty of an individual (Carty 2010). Classic example of negligence is when a person is walking on the street and is injured by a plant pot falling from the window of someones house. In this case, the person walking is the plaintiff and the person owning the plant pot is the defendant. In this case, the defendant is liable to compensate the plaintiff for his injury. For proving negligence, the plaintiff has to establish the presence of the following elements:- Duty- The defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff Breach The defendant failed to exercise the said duty of care towards plaintiff (Chung et al. 2010). Injury The plaintiff needs to establish that the defendants breach of duty of care caused harm or injury to the plaintiff Cause The plaintiff needs to establish that the harm was a direct result of defendants breach of duty of care Damages The plaintiff is entitled to be awarded compensation or damages for the injury or harm caused due to the said breach of duty. Thus, in the said case, if an employer fails to ensure the health and safety measures for his employees, he is liable under tort law of negligence as the employer owed a duty of care towards his employees which if a employee is injured die to any negligence on the part of the employer will attract negligence charges (Steele 2010). In the given case, it is first important to establish that Castro was the worker under the definition of worker mentioned in the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. As Castro was not a member of the team working in the said site, he is still considered as the worker or the employer of the employer who was conducting the site work. This is because the definition of worked under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 clearly states that volunteer are considered workers too under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. In the present case, Castro suffered from a back injury, which caused him permanent disability, as he was the sole person carrying heavy oxygen cylinder (about 146 lbs) all by himself, which was needed on the site. As this, oxygen cylinder was being carried from 20-30 yards away from the site, where the nature of the site did not allow trolley to be used to carry these heavy oxygen cylinders, it was the duty of the employer to keep the heavy oxygen cylinders close to the site where they were needed. Under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, it is the primary duty of every employer to ensure health and safety of his employees and workers. This is to be achieved by maintaining appropriate management of risk. This risk is to be managed by ensuring that the risk of health and safety are eliminated as far as it is reasonably practical to do so. In case where it is not possible to eliminate risk to the health and safety of employer, it is the duty of every individual hiring such employees to minimize those risks as far as reasonably practical to do so. Thus, in the said case, it was the duty of the employer to keep the heavy oxygen cylinders close to the working site where they were required or appoint a set of employees which can carry the said heavy oxygen cylinders assisting one and other and together. Thus, the employer in the said case surely breached the provisions of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and has to bear the penalty according to the category 2 of the penalties mentioned in the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 for causing permanent disability to its employees by his reckless conduct. The said employer can also be charged for negligence under tort law. As every employer has a duty of care towards his employees, failing to exercise the same, which caused injury to the employee, attracts the principles of negligence under tort law. Thus, as the employer in the said case can be accused of negligence under tort law and will be liable to pay compensation to his worker for injury that caused permanent disability Conclusion In the said case, the employer of Castro will compensate Castro for his injury, which resulted into permanent disability. His employer has violated the sections of Work Health and Safety Act 2011, which required him to ensure health and safety for his employers at reasonably practically level. Therefore, the employer has been negligent and will bear the penalties as mentioned under Work Health and Safety Act 2011. The employer can also be liable under tort law of negligence to compensate Castro for his injury. Reference List Althaus, C., Bridgman, P. and Davis, G., 2012.The Australian policy handbook. Allen Unwin. Australia, S.W., 2011. National Work Health and Safety Strategy 2012-2022.Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from. Bloom, A., 2010. To Be Real: Sexual Identity Politics in Tort Litigation.North Carolina Law Review,88. Braun, A., Skene, L. and Merry, A., 2010. Informed consent for anaesthesia in Australia and New Zealand.Anaesthesia and intensive care,38(5). Carty, H., 2010.An analysis of the economic torts. Oxford University Press, USA. Chung, J., Farrar, J., Puri, P. and Thorne, L., 2010. Auditor liability to third parties after Sarbanes-Oxley: An international comparison of regulatory and legal reforms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,19(1), pp.66-78. Coumarelos, C., Macourt, D., People, J., McDonald, H.M., Wei, Z., Iriana, R. and Ramsey, S., 2012.Legal Australia-wide survey: Legal need in Australia(Vol. 8). Law and Justice Foundation. Crivelli, E., Furceri, D. and Toujas-Bernate, J., 2012. Can policies affect employment intensity of growth? A cross-country analysis. Deakin, S., Johnston, A. and Markesinis, B., 2012.Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. Dympna Glendenning, 2012.Education and the Law. AC Black. Parker Harris, S., Owen, R. and Gould, R., 2012. Parity of participation in liberal welfare states: human rights, neoliberalism, disability and employment.Disability Society,27(6), pp.823-836. Quinlan, M., 2012. The pre-inventionof precarious employment: the changing world of work in context.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,23(4), pp.3-24. Squelch, J. and Guthrie, R., 2010. The Australian legal framework for workplace bullying.Comparative Labor Law Policy Journal,32(1). Steele, J., 2010.Tort Law: Text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press. Symeonides, S.C., 2011. Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2010: Twenty-Fourth Annual Survey.The American Journal of Comparative Law,59(2), pp.303-394.

Can Technology Solve the Education Problem

Question: Discuss that can technology solve the education problem? Answer: Introduction Educationis the imparting and acquiring of knowledge through teaching and learning, especially at a school or similar institution. The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing shelter; making weapons and other tools; learning language; and acquiring the values, behavior, and religious rites or practices of a given culture. Before the invention of reading and writing, people lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals, and other humans. To survive, preliterate people developed skills that grew into cultural and educational patterns Education developed from the human struggle for survival and enlightenment. It may be formal or informal. Informal education refers to the general social process by which human beings acquire the knowledge and skills needed to function in their culture. Formal education refers to the process by which teachers instruct students in courses of study within institutions. Talking of the modern day education, one feels proud; of saying yes I am an educated person. Formally or informally all of us are educated. Education is the equipping with knowledge. The overall development of mind, body and soul is the real education. 1. Comparison and Contrast Accessibility to education is one of the main advantages to present day education. In the past education was only for the wealthy. The poor were not given an opportunity to improve their lot in life. Females were also denied an education by virtue of the "fact" they would get married and so an education would be "wasted" on females. As North America was settled children were pulled from schools during the harvesting season or as needed, to work the farm. Summers off were no vacation period for students, it was a time to help with farm work instead of hiring farm hands. Children in most, if not all developing countries have mandatory education for all children, regardless of their abilities .In the past children with special needs were hidden away and forgotten. Society, in general tries to encourage developing nations to provide even basic education for its people. Modern society recognizes the importance of education. Today we realize that an education translates into opportunity an d hope for the future. The ability to get an education, to foster creativity and curiosity, to seek answers will allow mankind to continue to grow. Today we try to encourage all children to reach for their fullest potential. Teachers are better qualified. No longer can a child, barely in their teens, become a teacher. The one room classroom is fortunately a thing of the past. The computer, libraries and ready access to information have all contributed to the ability to learn outside of the traditional classroom. On line and distance education have changed the face of what a classroom is. Im glad that I was born when I was and am thankful my children and grandchildren will have more opportunities in life due to the fact they are able to get a good education. In olden days there was no race towards attaining a high profile life and the education was so simple and even an average child could do well with his or her studies. No cumbersome exercise! Whatever is taught in the school is sufficient enough and the school days were quite pleasant even though for committing mistakes, tolerable punishment was being imposed. There were no bulky sack (bag) full of books and only the books as per syllabus were to be taken with. After leaving the school, you are free, though a small quantity of home work will be there which could be finished within no time and the kids have sufficient time to engage in to various types of natural or ancient plays and games. But, now-a-days, the entire system has been changed. It starts from the first day of entering into the Nursery. A fully pregnant size bag with various books. The kids are becoming averse to even open the book, but because of fear, they are bound to be accustomed with it. There is only minimal time for outside activities, for games etc. One is supposed to be a book work. In addition to that, the programmes in the new era technologies, like TV, VCD etc. prevent the kids from going out. Of course, they are providing knowledge, but at the same time, some unwanted programmes also make the kids to be in front of the Idiot box. Not to say anything about the home work. It seems that major portion is sent along with the kids as home work to be finished. Several subjects make the kids quite confusing. Ultimately, some of the kids ask as to what they are going to be in future!? A difficult question to answer and somewhat difficult to digest. But, what to do? The education has also become a busi ness. Very little committed teachers to promptly guide the kids. The kids are unable to grasp and complete the home work in its true sense. Why so much drop-outs? In its entirety, the present day education system is really a horrible experience compared to the olden days. If this trend goes on, what will be the future of coming generation 2. Technology in education system Filling education gap For many years, educators and policymakers looking for strategies to close the achievement gap and improve student learning have sought solutions involving new uses of technology, especially for students placed at-risk. Unfortunately, the results of technology initiatives have been mixed. Often, the introduction of technology into classrooms has failed to meet the grand expectations proponents anticipated. The educational landscape is replete with stories and studies about how at-risk students were unable to benefit from particular innovations seeking to use computers for teaching. There are, however, successes among these efforts, and they reveal some common approaches to technology use. Based on a review of more than seventy recent studies, this brief describes these approaches, particularly as they apply to high school students who have been at risk of failing courses and exit examinations or dropping out due to a range of personal factors (such as pregnancy, necessary employment, mobility, and homelessness) and academic factors (special education needs, credit deficiencies, and lack of supports for learning English). The brief then outlines policy strategies that could expand the uses of technology for at-risk high school youth "Educational technology is the incorporation of Internet and other information technologies into the learning experience." Computers in Education This section looks at the effects computers have on student performance in the classroom. Since the number of computers in schools has increased greatly Teachers have begun to assign homework that requires a computer or other resources, such as encyclopedias, that used to be only found at school. In return students are producing better work, especially in their writing assignments, as well as receiving better grades. The ability to use word -processing has allowed students to use the computer as a tutor. Lack of Access to computers Children benefit from computer educational programs, but they still depend deeply on their mentors, parents, and teachers to guide learning. While students become independent learners when they use computers, there are those that lack access to computers and even if they did have access they would not benefit like others.. Computers have made it possible for students, parents and teachers to communicate during after school hours. Although a good communication between parents, students, and teachers have to exist before the use of computers, new technology has allowed parents to take a more active role in childrens education. As mentioned before, computers correlate with better grades, but they also correlate with higher math and reading scores. Computers in schools The third approach considers computers to provide resources to teaching that no other form of technology can offer. This approach assumes that computers are capable of providing various kinds of information in abundant amounts. In return, learning is sure to occur and the child to benefit. On the other hand, developmental psychologists argue that these resources are unlikely to be used if the school does not have a social system that encourages and supports childrens initiatives (Cole, Cole, Lightfoot, 449). As explained at the beginning of this section, if a school lacks the social capital computers will not have the same advantages for the children attending as they will in a healthier setting where their education is supported by all involved. Of course, disadvantaged schools have the potential for change to a healthier and supportive educational system that will allow any kind of technology to benefit their children. Although, many argue that technology has the potential to clos e performance gaps we will argue that educational performance is culturally bias and computers can only do so much to erase social inequalities. Overall effect Computers have also transformed classroom dynamics, especially in their relationships with each and their teachers. The use of interactive technology allows schools as well as regions to work together and exchange ideas. These interactions are supposed to promote small working groups. Teachers have also found that students are genuinely interested in working together when technology is involved. Student self-esteem has been shown to increase in students that are exposed to computers, especially if students find teacher support when working and learning with educational software. 3. Learning in a Technology-Enhanced Environment When we think about learners using technology, there are many different factors to consider. Whether we are talking about retirees using Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) or ninth graders using simulations to learn algebra I, many characteristics of the environment affect what we call a digital learning ecosystem, as shown in Figure 3 below. First, different learning outcomes are possible, ranging from affective (for example, student interest and motivation) and behavioral (for example, engagement with learning) to specific objectives that are skills based, cognitive, or both. Important aspects of the technology make a difference for these outcomes, including the technology infrastructure, such as bandwidth, servers, storage, and data hosting. Technology to Explore and Create Other research finds that students learn more when they use technology to create new content themselves, rather than just being the recipients of content designed by others. A number of studies have found that students demonstrate stronger engagement, self efficacy, attitudes toward school, and skill development when they are engaged in content creation projects. Among other examples, this can include engaging in multimedia content creation to communicate ideas about the material they are studying by creating reports, graphic representations of data they have researched or developed, websites, PowerPoint presentations, video production, digital storytelling, and other means. In one of the many studies illustrating the effective use of technology as an interactive tool for both practicing skills and creating new content, several ninth-grade English classrooms with large numbers of at-risk studentsincluding many who had previously failed English and were predicted to fail the state ninth-grade reading testultimately outperformed other higher-tracked classes in their school on the state tests. These other classes included both on-level and Advanced Placement sections that studied the same material without technology supports. In the technology-rich classroom developed for the classes of at-risk students, the teacher used one-to-one availability of computers with wireless connections to the internet to engage students in word processing, spreadsheet, database, and web page production and presentation software in a variety of contexts. According to the researchers, Better Simulations and Models While a tuning fork is a perfectly acceptable way to demonstrate how vibrations make sound, its harder to show students what evolution is, how molecules behave in different situations, or exactly why mixing two particular chemicals is dangerous. Digital simulations and models can help teachers explain concepts that are too big or too small, or processes that happen too quickly or too slowly to demonstrate in a physical classroom. More Efficient Assessment Models and simulations, beyond being a powerful tool for teaching concepts, can also give teachers a much richer picture of how students understand them. "You can ask students questions, and multiple choice questions do a good job of assessing how well students have picked up vocabulary," Dorsey explains. "But the fact that you can describe the definition [of] a chromosome ... doesnt mean that you understand genetics any better ... it might mean that you know how to learn a definition. But how do we understand how well you know a concept?" The organization is also developing aprogramthat will help teachers collect real-time assessment data from their students. When the teacher gives out an assignment, she can watch how far along students are, how much time each a spends on each question, and whether their answers are correct. With this information, she can decide what concepts students are struggling with and can pull up examples of students' work on a projector for discussion. 4. Advantages Modern day education is aided with a variety of technology, computers, projectors, internet, and many more. Diverse knowledge is being spread among the people. Everything that can be simplified has been made simpler. Science has explored every aspect of life. There is much to learn and more to assimilate. Internet provides abysmal knowledge. There is no end to it. One can learn everything he wishes to. Every topic has developed into a subject. New inventions and discoveries have revealed the unknown world to us more variedly. Once a new aspect is discovered, hundreds of heads start babbling over it, and you get a dogma from hearsay. Not only our planet but the whole universe has become accessible. Now we have good and learned teachers to impart us with knowledge of what they know. Every one is a master in his field. We and our children are getting taught by professionals of their field. Presently our education is based on making us the best in our area of interest, to help us reach our goals more easily. More of the fact based knowledge is being grasped by us. What we learn helps us in our career and in our profession. Professionalism is deep-rooted in our society now and this education makes us so. Skill-development and vocational education has added a new feather to the modern system of education. There is something to learn for everyone. Even an infant these days goes to a kindergarten. And a little grown, mentally and physically is promoted to a Montessori. Everything is being categorized, be it a primary, middle, a higher secondary or graduate school. We have temples of education known by a familiar word the university. Whatsoever we are getting educated day by day and whats good about is that its a never-ending process. Rightly said byAristotle, Education is an ornament in prosperity and a refugee in adversity. is what everybody feels now. 5. Disadvantages Well, that was the positive side, but every story has two telling. Of all the virtue, our education system has developed into mere schooling now. New trends are being developed which are far more a baloney that boon. Firstly our education is confined to schools and colleges. It has become a process of spoon feeding. Spoon feeding in the long run teaches us nothing but the shape of the spoon were the words ofE.M.Forster. We are being fed with facts and knowledge. Not art, not books, but life itself is the true basis of teaching and learning. Cramming of facts and dates, hi-fi mathematical formulas, theories and doctrines should be at college levels when one has chosen his area of interest. What will the history pay a doctor or a mathematician, or medical terms to a historian? Secondly, an art can only be learned from a workshop of those who are earning their bread from it. Modern education has spread more ignorance than knowledge. Most of the women even dont know, where, the fabric they are wearing, came from. The word How is missing in our world which causes ignorance. Thirdly all education is bad which not self-education is. Presently, children after school are sent to tuitions. This is a clear question mark on the ability of school teacher. Homework tutorials are mushrooming up in our society. Students are thought of like they cant do anything on their own and so are sent even to do the homework. Our schoolings got a lot of loop-holes. They guide us through a well catered pathway which finally leads to professionalism. Homework is a waste of time, if it is to repeat class work done today or to be repeated as class work to be done tomorrow. Our schooling does not leave us with time to get educated.Mark Twainonce said that I have never let my schooling interfere with my education. Our childs normal routine has become to wake up early, brush up their minds with light reading, go to school, then go to tuition and finally come home and do the homework. Finally our education is producing machines out of pupil. They read books, they speak books and they do books. Discussing in class lead to complications, which remains as confusions for a life time if left untreated.Vladimir Nabokov,a U.S critic, poet and novelist says Discussion in class, which means letting twenty young blockheads and two cocky neurotics discuss something that neither their teacher nor they know. So, its a matter of debate that our education system is fallacious or fair. Conclusion Gifted, skilled, experienced public and private school teachers who are passionate about their subject still determine educational outcomes. That will never change. Technology merely enhances a teacher's ability to inspire and stimulate young minds. The responses to the effects of computers in the classroom are mixed, because while some students benefit from computers in the classroom others do not fair well. Social inequalities interfere with the positive effects that educational computer programs are capable of providing. In this respect, the possible computer approaches in the classroom will always need human to shape the way in which students will learn. References 1. Attewell P, Battle J. Home computers and school performance. Information Society, vol.15, no.1, Jan.-March 1999, pp. 1-10. Publisher: Taylor Francis, USA. 2. Cole M., Cole S., Lightfoot C. The Development of Children. New York, NY : Worth Publishers, 2005. 3. Anderson, R. E., Ronnkvist, A. (1999). The Presence of Computers in American Schools (https://www.crito.uci.edu/tlc/findings/computers_in_american_schools/). Irvine, CA: Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) University of California, Irvine. 4. Bromley, H. (1998). Introduction: Data-driven Democracy? Social assessment of educational computing. In H. Bromley M. Apple (Eds.), Education, Technology, Power (pp. 1-28). Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 5. Cattagni, A., Farris, E. (2001). Internet Access in U.S. Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994 2000. Washington DC: National Center for Educational Statistics. 6. Cohen, D. K. (1987). Educational technology, policy, and practice. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9(2), 153-170. 7. Collins, A. (1996). Whither Technology and Schools? Collected Thoughts on the Last and Next Quarter Centuries. In C. Fisher D. C. Dwyer K. Yocam (Eds.), Education and Technology: Reflections on Computing in Classrooms (pp. 51-66). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 8. Bransford et al., How People Learn(Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1999); F. Dochy et al., Effects of Problem-Based Learning: A Meta-analysis, Learning and Instruction 13, no. 5 (2003); D. Gijbels et al., Effects of Problem-Based Learning: A Meta-analysis from the Angle of Assessment, Review of Educational Research 75, no. 1 (2005); C. E. Hmelo-Silver, Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn?, Educational Psychology Review16, no. 3 (2004) 9. J. Callow and K. Zammit, Where Lies Your Text? (Twelfth Night, Act I, Scene V): Engaging High School Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds in Reading Multimodal Texts, English in Australia47, no. 2 (2012); Dynarski et al., Effectiveness of Reading and Mathematics Software Products. 10. E. F. Anderson, L. McLoughlin, F. Liarokapis, C. Peters, P. Petridis, and S. de Freitas, "Serious games in cultural heritage," in VAST 2009: 10th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage - VAST-STAR, Short and Project Proceedings. Faculty of ICT, University of Malta, 2009, pp. 29-48, state-of-the-Art-Report. 11. A. Gaitatzes, D. Christopoulos, and M. Roussou, "Reviving the past: cultural heritage meets virtual reality," in VAST '01: Proceedings of the 2001 conference on Virtual reality, archeology, and cultural heritage. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2001, pp. 103-110. 12. A. Johnson, J. Leigh, B. Carter, J. Sosnoski, and S. Jones, "Virtual harlem," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 22, pp. 61-67, 2002. (Pubitemid 35242603) 13. S.-C. Yeh, B. Newman, M. Liewer, J. Pair, A. Treskunov, G. Reger, B. O. Rothbaum, J. Difede, J. Spitalnick, R. McLay, T. D. Parsons, and A. A. Rizzo, "A virtual iraq system for the treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder," in VR, 2009, pp. 163-170. 14. S. Brown, I. Ladeira, C. Winterbottom, and E. Blake, "The effects of mediation in a storytelling virtual environment," in In Virtual Storytelling: Using Virtual Reality Technologies for Storytelling (2003), Springer-Verlag. Proc. 2nd International Conference ICVS, 2003, pp. 102-111.

Sergio Marchionne’s Challenge at Chrysler free essay sample

1. Background Information Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne took over Chrysler operations in June 2009. Former CEO Robert Nardelli used buyouts and layoffs to cut departments which halted the company to only make Jeep Grand Cherokees and Chrysler 300 Sedan’s. 1.1 People / Key Players Sergio Marchionne – CEO of Fiat Robert Nardelli – Former CEO of Chrysler Cerberus – Capital Management Firm 1.2 Chronology of Key Relevant Events Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne took over Chrysler operations in June 2009. Fiat acquired Chrysler after two years of private-equity ownership under Cerberus Capital Management. Former Chrysler CEO Robert Nardelli used buyouts and layoffs to cut departments. This caused capital spending to be slashed and the only new cars coming off the lines were Jeep Grand Cherokee and Chrysler 300 Sedan’s. Cerberus forgave $2 billion in loans. Chrysler will replace 33% of it s sales volume before 2013, less than half the industry’s average. 1.3 Key Facts Chrysler is operated by Fiat. Chrysler has only two models coming into the current market. We will write a custom essay sample on Sergio Marchionne’s Challenge at Chrysler or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chrysler is only producing one-third the rate of Ford, Honda and the Korean automakers and less than half the industry. 1.4 Concepts The car industry is struggling. Fiat CEO took over a mess that will take years to overcome. Chrysler must push forward to get revenue rolling into the company. 1.5 Assumptions If former CEO Robert Nardelli would have not cut spending so drastically, the company would have goon bankrupt before the government could step in and /or  file Chapter 11. CEO Sergio Marchionne must find ways to bring in revenue. 1.6 Point of View This case is shown from the view point of the automobile industry. 2. Problem Statement CEO Sergio Marchionne took over operations in June 2009 only to find a mess. The company is currently only producing 33% of its sales volume; less than half the industry’s average. Within the 33% there are only two type of vehicles being produced; Jeep Grand Cherokee and Chrysler 300 Sedan’s. 3. Problem Causal Analysis 4. Management Theory, Process, or Approach When rebuilding a company such as Chrysler it would be best to use the Face Negotiation Theory. The Chrysler company will be able to use this theory to â€Å"save face.† The public image of the company is important and many factors would play into this theory. It will be the goal of CEO Sergio Marchionne to help in this matter. 5. Recommendations Increasing the sales volume for Chrysler can be accomplished by marketing the new products in a friendly and affordable manor. Introducing one new automobile a year for the next five years will increase productivity and should allow the company to show they are ready for the competitive market. Hiring suitable product engineers will lead to better design and innovation for the company to expand. 6. Assessment Marketing the â€Å"new† Chrysler is important to bring morale to the company. This is possible when working with the right team. In order to produce a new vehicle every year will be imperative to the company’s success. This may not be feasible if the company cannot hire the appropriate engineers. The CEO will need to be the driving force for the company to get started back in the right direction. 7. Implications If the company were to implement my recommendations it would allow for steady attainable growth. However, if the company were to not fully engage in these recommendations it might allow for the company to once again be in financial struggles. If however, the company was to fully engage in this practice; the sales and profits for the company would become greater. This would allow the company to embark upon more innovative ideas that would bring better profits.

Potassium Periodic Table of the Elements Facts

Potassium Periodic Table of the Elements Facts Potassium Atomic Number: 19 Potassium Symbol: K on the Periodic Table Potassium Atomic Weight: 39.0983 Discovery: Sir Humphrey Davy 1807 (England) Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s1 Potassium Word Origin: English potash pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arabic qali: alkali. Isotopes: There are 17 isotopes of potassium. Natural potassium is composed of three isotopes, including potassium-40 (0.0118%), a radioactive isotope with a half life of 1.28 x 109 years. Potassium Properties: Potassiums melting point is 63.25Â °C, boiling point is 760Â °C, specific gravity is 0.862 (20Â °C), with a valence of 1. Potassium is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. The only metal that is lighter than potassium is lithium. The silvery white metal is soft (easily cut with a knife). The metal must be stored in a mineral oil, such as kerosene, as it oxidizes rapidly in air and catches fire spontaneously when exposed to water. Its decomposition in water evolves hydrogen. Potassium and its salts will color flames violet. Uses: Potash is in high demand as a fertilizer. Potassium, found in most soils, is an element that is essential for plant growth. An alloy of potassium and sodium is used as a heat transfer medium. Potassium salts have many commercial uses. Sources: Potassium is the 7th most abundant element on earth, making up 2.4% of the earths crust, by weight. Potassium is not found free in nature. Potassium was the first metal isolated by electrolysis (Davy, 1807, from caustic potash KOH). Thermal methods (reduction of potassium compounds with C, Si, Na, CaC2) are also used to produce potassium. Sylvite, langbeinite, carnallite, and polyhalite form extensive deposits in ancient lake and sea beds, from which potassium salts can be obtained. In addition to other locations, potash is mined in Germany, Utah, California, and New Mexico. Element Classification: Alkali Metal Potassium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 0.856 Appearance: soft, waxy, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 235 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 45.3 Covalent Radius (pm): 203 Ionic Radius: 133 (1e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.753 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 102.5 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 2.33 Debye Temperature (Â °K): 100.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 0.82 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 418.5 Oxidation States: 1 Lattice Structure: Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 5.230 CAS Registry Number: 7440-09-7 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001) Crescent Chemical Company (2001) Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)

Introduction to Java Programming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Java Programming - Research Paper Example The borrowers are registered in the system and they can borrow books from the library through the system. Likewise, the borrower is represented in the first row as the class name of the borrower entity followed by its attributes and, lastly, the methods in the borrower class. The same criteria applies to the book and the employee classes The library main functions are to purchase, store, catalogue, as well as lend books to its users, especially the borrowers, including its employees. It also registers and stores the information regarding its employees and borrowers presenting each party with a unique identification number. The borrowers are involved with such activities as borrowing books and returning books while the library lends books, updates and makes addition of new borrows. The following use case diagram shows all the above named activities involving the borrower and the library. There are two main actors in this system, including the employee and the borrower. For the lending case, the employee (librarian) should be on the right hand side of the system, since it’s the main actor. He checks the library card to verify the borrower identity before lending out the

The Solar System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Solar System - Essay Example Our solar system can be said as the example of the above case [Nebula: Wikipedia]. It is believed that the formation of nebulae is the result of supernova explosions. One example of such is Crab Nebula, in Taurus, which is result of recorded supernova in 1054 AD. Also at the center of a nebula, a neutron star exists. It is also believed that the nebulae are created at the end of star’s life (star greater than 1.4 solar masses), when they become red giant and unable to sustain their entire mass [Nebula: Wikipedia]. In 1734, Emanuel Swedenborg had proposed the current accepted theory of planetary formation, which is know as the nebular hypothesis. Later in 1755, Immanuel Kant having familiar with the theory of Swedenborg developed this theory further. Kant said that nebulae slowly rotate, gradually collapsing and flattering due to gravity and eventually forms stars and planets. In 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace had proposed similar model for nebulae [Nebular hypothesis: Wikipedia]. The nebular hypothesis states that a planetary system begins as a large (~10,000AU), roughly spherical cloud of very cold interstellar gas, which is a part of larger molecular cloud. This nebula is dense enough so that begins to contract under its own gravity and collapse of this been initiated by a pressure wave from nearby event, shock wave from a supernova, compressing the molecular cloud and thus forming the resulting star and planets. During collapse, three physical processes shape the nebula: it heats up, its spin increases, and it flattens [Nebular hypothesis: Wikipedia]. At the center of the solar nebulas, an increasingly dense protostar created because of gravity. The protostar gradually compacts further (about 10-50 million years) during the process of planet formation in the disk, reaching the conditions of temperature and pressure needed to initiate hydrogen nuclear fusion (star born). Initially microscopic seeds of solid

Nursing Informatics Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Informatics Article Review - Essay Example r them to be provided with all necessary information so that their provision of care can be more efficient since this will help in improving patient outcomes. Nurses have for a long time, played a pivotal role in health provision, but despite their efforts, Sensmeier notes that they are being left behind by government healthcare policies. She declares that if the government is indeed willing to reform the healthcare system, it is essential that nurses be actively involved because it is they, more than any other medical practitioner, who have an active knowledge of patient problems, as well as most weaknesses in healthcare provision. Therefore, nurses should take new technology to bring about a change in health care, and this should include an inclusion of nursing informatics in patient care. Nursing informatics should be given a prominent role in breaking the barriers that prevent nurses from being more efficient in their work because it provides them with much needed information con cerning how to bring care to their patients at a personalized level. The article recommends that the future of healthcare depends on ensuring nurses receive at least a bachelor’s degree whose significant parts involve informatics, allowing them leadership positions within healthcare as well as ensuring that they all provided with the opportunity to practice without any barriers as has previously been the case. Susan Rosenberg and Jeff Rodik in their article declare the role of bedside nurses in informatics is quite limited in scope and this is mainly because it is normally not included in their training. They state that most organizations, which have implemented go-live projects, tend to ignore including bedside nurses for ongoing maintenance as required for clinical application programs (Rosenberg & Rodik, 2012). Go-live projects tend to be discontinued after one week and this does not provide bedside nurses with ample time to utilize the system on behalf of their patients. These

Function And Production Of Insulin

Function And Production Of Insulin Insulin is a protein produced by islet cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps human body regulate glucose in the body. Insulin reduces the use of fats as energy (gluconeogenesis) by utilizing glucose to produce energy. Patient with diabetes require insulin to keep the blood glucose levels under control. (1) The first successful insulin was produced from ox pancreas (bovine insulin). Bovine insulin is similar to human insulin however bovine chemical composition is slightly different hence the body immune system produces antibody to reject bovine insulin. (4) Identical human insulin was produced by recombinant DNA technology, by inserting the insulin gene into a vector to produce human insulin. Production of human insulin by recombinant technology was accomplished and commercialized in 1982 by Genentech and Eli Lilly. (2) Function Carbohydrates consumed are broken down into glucose which then resides in the bloodstreams. This causes the body blood glucose (BBG) level to rise. The pancreas senses the rise in BBG level therefore, secretes insulin into the bloodstreams. The cell will absorb the released insulin and bind to it. Cells that are attached with insulin are able to absorb glucose from the bloodstream and turned it into energy. This energy is vital for new cell growth and repairing damage cells. The main function of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into the body cells and convert glucose into energy. (3) Chosen Host Escherichia coli (E. coli) E. coli was used as a host to produce recombinant insulin since 1982. E. coli was widely used as host for the production of recombinant insulin because it was well studied, many vectors available and good characteristic. (5) E. coli advantages and suitability for producing insulin. (6) Fast growth rate e.g. able to reach optimal yield within hours of induction. Economical to grow and undemanding growth conditions. Good protein production rate. Can be frozen for storage and thawed immediately for usage. Cellular structure E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium measuring 1.8 microns in length and 0.8 microns in width. E. coli consist of: (7) Inner and outer cell membrane Cell wall Periplasm Flagella Pili Cytoplasm Chromosome The two main structures are cytoplasm and periplasm, where the production of recombinant insulin usually takes place. (5) Structure Details and functions Cytoplasm (7) The cytoplasm contains most of the major component such as chromosomal DNA, RNA, nucleoid and ribosome. Cytoplasm provides support for the internal structure and provides a medium of suspension. Metabolic reaction and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm. Periplasm (7) The periplasm is about 10nm thick. Located between the inner and outer membrane. Periplasm contains 80,000 proteins essential for nutrient binding, enzyme detoxifying and degradative and electron transport. Growth strategy for the production process Insulin is produce through genetic engineering. Firstly the gene producing human insulin is isolated and copied. A circular shape DNA (plasmid) is removed from the bacterium cell, and then using special proteins to cut open the plasmid ring. The insulin gene is inserted into the open plasmid ring and closed again using special proteins hence the human insulin gene is now combined with the bacterium DNA plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is then inserted into the bacteria cytoplasm using a very small needle syringe. (8) High level protein production often leads to formation of inclusion bodies which accumulated through protein folding. (5) The chain approach method was used to produce human insulin in recombinant E. coli. Two different expression vectors were constructed carrying either insulin A- or B-chain gene fused to a shortened and inactive É £-interferon gene allowing a stable cytoplasmic production of recombinant insulin in E. coli in the form of inclusion bodies. (2) Recovery of biologically active insulin from inclusion bodies has some advantages for example inclusion bodies accumulates protein in the cytoplasm to a much higher level, inclusion body could initially be isolated in a purified and concentrated state with just centrifugation process and final insulin concentration in E. coli can be increased significantly by high cell density culture (HCDC). (5) The HCDC technique was used to grow recombinant E. coli in a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor. After the expression system is developed, HCDC is carried out using synthetic medium with glucose as the sole carbon source to increase the recombinant protein concentration. (5) The induction of recombinant protein production was carried out by a temperature à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬shift from 30 to 42oC. Expressions of the A- and B-chain genes are controlled using a strong promoter (bacteriopage lambda) therefore, protein are produce efficiently by temperature shift. (2) The first step of purification to obtain human insulin was to centrifuge the solution to isolate the inclusion body. The inclusion bodies were then recovered from the centrifuge continued by dissolving the inclusion bodies using formic acid. Then use cyanogens bromide to cleave the peptide bond by hydrolysing the peptide bond for separation of insulin from the fusion protein partner. Finally the conversion to human insulin is performed by proteolytic removal of the connecting C-peptide and disulfide link. (2) The maximum productivity is achieved when the growth and production phase are separated hence a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor is used. The first stage is use to grow the cell to an optimum cell density followed by the second stage where the growth is suppressed by chemical and production of protein is maximize. (5) The cyclic fed batch is used to ensure that toxins and biomass do not accumulate, extend the productive phase, control the growth rate and optimize the product synthesis. (9) The by-product produced from the process was monomeric and multimeric forms of A- and B-chain connected by incorrect disulfide bridges. These by-products are collected too undergo sulfitolysis for recycling purposes. (2) How to analyse the growth process Off-line analysis methods were used to analyse the growth process. Samples were taken from the process every 30minute to be used to determine the optical density600, dry cell weight, dissolved oxygen tension and concentration of glucose. Result from the test are compiled and plotted in graphs therefore the growth process could be analysed. (2) Possible problems and solution The major problem in production of insulin by recombinant E. coli is the rapid intracellular degradation of the recombinant protein. Insulin is then produced as a fusion protein with a protein partner that would direct the recombinant gene product towards the formation of inclusion bodies. (2) Proteolytic degradation and over expressing protein can destabilize the protein hence protein are produced in the form of inclusion bodies which are complicated and expensive denaturing and refolding process during the downstream processing. To overcome this problem, recombinant protein could be targeted at the periplasm instead of the cytoplasm hence avoided formation of inclusion body. (5) In the process HCDC would cause several problems for example the limitation of dissolved oxygen due to high cell density and off gas accumulation which reduces the growth rate and enhance formation of acetate acid. The use of different promoters to regulate the level of expression and use of oxygen enriched air would minimize the problem. (5) During the HCDC process, overproduction of recombinant proteins often results in cell filamentation and stagnant growth. The filamentation of cells consequently lowers productivity and final cell concentration. The problem could be overcome by suppressing the cell filamentation, by co-expressing the E.coli ftsA and ftsZ genes. (5) Escherichia coli limitations E. coli is not appropriate to produce large and complex proteins which contain disulfide bonds or protein that require post translation modification. (5) Acetic acid is produce by E. coli when glucose is used as a carbon source. (5) Secretion of protein by E. coli is a complex process often fails due to incomplete translocation across the membrane and insufficient capacity of the export machinery.(10)

A Code Hero in Hemingways Books Essay -- Code Hero Robert Jordan Essa

A Code Hero in Hemingway's Books Robert Jordan has been defined as a Hemingway code hero. In Hemingway’s books, a code hero is usually male, as Hemingway’s books seem to have a similarity to Hemingway himself. These code heroes may have been previously wounded or gone through some sort of an ordeal, and so they could have a drinking problem, or a problem sleeping. They seem to be disillusioned, and/or self-oriented, and are not usually loyal to a large cause, but rather a small group of people or a relatively small idea or thing. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, Robert Jordan, the code hero, most likely dies at the end. If it were not for his loyalty to a small group, the events in the novel would probably not have transpired as they did. Jordan is an American explosives expert. Being so much of an expert that he would be sent on such a mission indicates that he must have some experience in military demolitions, and he may have previously gone through a similar mission. A traumatic experience from a previous mission may very well be affecting his actions in the novel, such...

The company requires a short description of the proposed project

A prominent publishing company, has contacted you about the possibility of writing a new textbook for the first semester History of World Civilizations course, a potentially very lucrative undertaking.The company requires a short description of the proposed project that includes:   a possible table of contents; an overview of the purpose of the book (and what will be unique about it); a rationale for the book's organization; and an explanation of the key themes to be developed.Please take the time to organize your thoughts in a logical manner and cite evidence to support your analysis.The 21st century is filled with technological innovations and scientific discoveries that have significantly improved how the human race subsists. Since the beginning of time, man has constantly aim for development and progress.As a result, numerous changes have transpired which paved the way for the occurrence of civilizations. Without these developments, the contemporary society would not be able to enjoy and at the same time benefit from the modern conveniences that were all made possible through the ingenuity and intelligence of the ancient people.Most of the history books have almost accurately tackled the advancement of the political, social, cultural and economic aspects of the society in the six continents of the world namely: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and North and South America. However, this book that I am proposing would discuss the relationship between nature and civilization.There have been previous studies conducted that argued that civilization is a â€Å"by-product of these social adaptations to environmental change† (Rockets, 2006). More so, based on several archaeological expeditions, scientists and historians have theorized that the â€Å"development of civilization was simply the result of a transition from harsh, unpredictable climatic conditions during the last ice age, to more benign and stable conditions at the beginning of the Holocene per iod some 10,000 years ago† (Environment News Service, 2006).Because of this notion, I have decided to write a book that would provide historical accounts on how man and nature have evolved that contributed to the formation of civilizations which have become the core of human existence. Through this book, readers would be enlightened on how the interaction between man and nature and their development have played a role in the advancement of humanity.Moreover, this undertaking would provide answers on why climate has changed and determine the contributions of man in the present environmental phenomenon. This book offers a timely subject matter and revealing historical information that would give a new perspective on World Civilizations.

My Professional Philosophy Essay Example

My Professional Philosophy Essay Example My Professional Philosophy Essay My Professional Philosophy Essay My Professional Philosophy Motivation is the driving force behind every task that we embark on and my inspiration to pursue this discipline has been propelled by its physiological and emotional benefits to me and the people that I cater to. The ability to help people live better lives in itself is a massive drive, as this knowledge will have a positive impact on my own life as well. Kinesiology results in more energy, greater understanding of oneself, more choices, acceptance, understanding, solution orientation, functioning ability and most importantly improved quality of life. What motivates me is seeing clients achieve physical outcomes that they thought were unattainable and to educate and inspire people in order for them to thrive and not just survive. It is about longevity and vitality. The outcomes of my emphasis as a career are diverse. This scientific knowledge of muscle function and the nervous system could lead in careers in fitness facilities, personal training or corporate wellness facilities and industry. You can work with individuals in their homes, fitness facilities, rehabilitation clinics, at the worksite and alongside physiotherapists. Trainers would be the first to agree that the relationship and rapport built with a trainee is of core importance. I have to develop the social support system necessary for the client to feel secure with the treatment and service provided and by treating all with dignity and respect, providing emotional support, and considering each individual’s perspective. These are just a few of the strategies to increase satisfaction. By simply enhancing my own listening and communication skills, the trainee automatically perceives their trainer as willing to listen to them and interested in their concerns and may demonstrate a higher level of satisfaction, which can only improve the working relationship and end result. Among other things, acquiring greater knowledge of exercise physiology, anatomy, exercise instruction through experience foremost is one of my goals. I want to have a strong ability to instruct by example and an in depth ability to instruct and demonstrate a remarkable knowledge of fitness assessment procedures and maintain an effective working relationship with other employees and the public. Through hard work, knowledge and determination, I will increase my client base undoubtedly. Moral values have to come hand-in-hand with professionalism. Some of the values that I have developed over time include ambition, competency, equality, integrity, service, responsibility, accuracy, respect, dedication, diversity, improvement, loyalty, credibility, honesty, innovativeness, teamwork and excellence. Others are accountability, empowerment, quality, efficiency, dignity, collaboration, empathy, accomplishment, courage, wisdom, independence, security, challenge, influence, learning, compassion, friendliness, discipline, generosity, persistency, optimism, dependability and flexibility. You have to demonstrate and model your values in action, in personal and work behaviors, decision-making, contribution, and interpersonal interaction. This same values help in making decisions about priorities in your daily work and life. Ethics on the other hand are what truly define us because they are not portrayed to the outside world as compared to values. My religious beliefs in creation and the creator, upholding the law at all times and keeping up with the standards of behavior acceptable in society guide me through my life. In addition, respecting rights of people such as the right to life and the right to privacy is another code of ethics that I follow. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons.

Free Essays on Indian Reservations

Native Americans of Today There’s a small town called Mission, South Dakota, a town on the Rosebud Sioux Tribe Indian Reservation, which is about thirty miles from my hometown of Valentine, Nebraska. A reservation that gives you some shocking scenes as you drive a long highway 83. Many houses that were just built by the federal government are being wrecked, as the Native Americans have no respect for the houses. But, should they have any respect? It was their land that we took away from them and there isn’t much that can be done to replace that. Valentine is your typical small-town Nebraska with its population close to 3000 and 99 percent of that population being white. But the population grows to closer to 4000 around the first of the month when the Native Americans from the north come to town to do their shopping at the local Alco Discount store with the federal money that they receive. They will go on a spending spree with this money for a few days but then most of them are gone. They head back to the reservation, which starts just nine miles north of Valentine, in a car over loaded and tail pipe dragging on the asphalt. Most won’t return for more than two weeks and maybe longer if that car (referred to by many white people as a res bomb) breaks down on the way back. Well even though the economy of my small hometown wouldn’t survive without these monthly trips by the Native Americans most business people don’t really like doing business with the natives. Most would say that they are dirty and they don’t want them hanging around the store. The storeowners are afraid of theft or vandalism, which probably occurs. But it probably occurs just as much among the white people. It’s just another stereotype that whites make of people with different skin color. Most of the Native Americans come to town as a family. They just don’t come as an immediate family. There may be aunts and uncles, grandparents ... Free Essays on Indian Reservations Free Essays on Indian Reservations Native Americans of Today There’s a small town called Mission, South Dakota, a town on the Rosebud Sioux Tribe Indian Reservation, which is about thirty miles from my hometown of Valentine, Nebraska. A reservation that gives you some shocking scenes as you drive a long highway 83. Many houses that were just built by the federal government are being wrecked, as the Native Americans have no respect for the houses. But, should they have any respect? It was their land that we took away from them and there isn’t much that can be done to replace that. Valentine is your typical small-town Nebraska with its population close to 3000 and 99 percent of that population being white. But the population grows to closer to 4000 around the first of the month when the Native Americans from the north come to town to do their shopping at the local Alco Discount store with the federal money that they receive. They will go on a spending spree with this money for a few days but then most of them are gone. They head back to the reservation, which starts just nine miles north of Valentine, in a car over loaded and tail pipe dragging on the asphalt. Most won’t return for more than two weeks and maybe longer if that car (referred to by many white people as a res bomb) breaks down on the way back. Well even though the economy of my small hometown wouldn’t survive without these monthly trips by the Native Americans most business people don’t really like doing business with the natives. Most would say that they are dirty and they don’t want them hanging around the store. The storeowners are afraid of theft or vandalism, which probably occurs. But it probably occurs just as much among the white people. It’s just another stereotype that whites make of people with different skin color. Most of the Native Americans come to town as a family. They just don’t come as an immediate family. There may be aunts and uncles, grandparents ...

Strategic Planning With the Hoshin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Planning With the Hoshin - Essay Example Strategic planning is the forecasting of the character and ways of development of the macro-system, tendencies of the industry development and their impact on the enterprise, its perspectives and stages of development, and that is determination of the business strategy for the enterprise. The Hoshin Process, described in the article, is often called operations strategy in Western literature. Operations Strategy, being the combination of the philosophical and operational levels of strategic management, represents the only possible method of surviving in the dynamic conditions of the global market economy. It is a general plan of the firm’s development and improvement at all the levels of its functioning, including all the aspects of objectives and goals. However, this plan is not a rigid and constant, but a dynamic and changing phenomenon. Due to this dynamics operations strategy provides an opportunity to meet and foresee all the market requirements, through usage of unique re sources and competencies. Operations strategy has become the major method of maintaining sustainable competitive advantage of the firms. The hoshin process, being a strategic planning methodology, provides an opportunity for long-term planning, breakthrough operations and day-to-day management. The article gives us an insight into the major requirements to the strategic management. The planning begins from positioning of the firm: where we are now and where we want to be. The strategy itself is a plan of overcoming the gap between the two points within a defined period. Objectives and goals being set, implementation of the strategy starts at all the levels of the organization. The hoshin methodology offers a systemized and standard strategic planning. The strategy is established by the upper management. However, strategic planning includes both top-down and bottom-up process. In the hoshin process the strategies are adapted to the mission, major objectives and goals of the organization at

Program capstone IP2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Program capstone IP2 - Essay Example y and Unmistakability, meaning that a clear and accurate relationship exists between the criteria and the real consequences, comprehensive but concise, meaning that they cover the range of relevant consequences but the evaluation framework remains systematic and manageable and there are no redundancies, direct and ends-oriented, meaning they report directly on the consequences of interest and provide enough information that informed value judgments can reasonably be made on the basis of them, measurable and Consistently Applied to allow consistent comparisons across other options. It clearly elaborate the criteria should be able to distinguish the relative degree of impact across other options. The exclusion of the qualitative descriptions of impact may not be there, or impacts that can’t be physically measured in the field. For good decision making, you should include the following metrics into your framework to minimize the chances of making a bad decision. First perform a condition Analysis, what is motivating the need for a choice, what might occur if no decision is made, who will decision impact either indirectly or indirectly, what data, exploration, or supporting information you have to validate  the inclinations driving your  decision. Secondly, Focus your Decision to Public Scrutiny and remember there are no decisions which are private. Rather the details surrounding any decision will likely come out. In addition, conduct a Cost/Benefit Analysis, by doing the potential benefits derived from the decision justify the expected costs. Assess the Reward or risk Ratio; what are all the likely rewards, and when compared with all the potential risks are the odds in your favor, or are they stacked against you. Furthermore, Evaluate whether  it is the Right thing to do. I.e. standing behind decisio ns that everyone supports doesn’t particularly require a lot of boldness. On the other hand, standing behind what one believes is the right decision in the face of

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Socrates - Essay Example This doctrine of Socrates is right. Suppose, if a person has a psychological some problem and he or she feels happy to cut his or her skin, then in the light of this example, the doctrine of Socrates hold true, because by cutting skin that person cannot benefit himself or herself in any way. So the doctrine of Socrates is right that the person do evil actions to get some benefit. In Philosophy, there are two concepts about evil. One concept is narrow evil and the other is broad evil. Broad concept of evil divides evil acts in natural evil and moral evil. Moral evils are result of human intentions whereas natural evils do not results from the intentions of the human beings. The narrow concept of evil includes the most despicable actions character and events. Philosophy is also of the view that the clash of interest in different people causes evil to prevail despite the fact all think it wrong. In essence, Socrates was of the view that human beings are responsible for evils and evils harm the person who does evil acts. His thinking is right as the person who does evil act, does wrong to his of herself. Philosophy also asserts that human beings are responsible for evil

Characters of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Characters of Romeo and Juliet Essay In The Prologue of Romeo And Juliet, the fate of the star-crossed lovers, the title characters, is already told. They have been doomed to take their [lives] before the play has even begun. This foretelling of what the audience is about to see displays that the play is about how and why the events unfold, and not what happens. Act Two, Scene Two is an important scene in the play, which is because this is where Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, the two children born of the fatal loins of their feuding parents, meet for the second time, after Capulets Masquerade. They fall in love, starting the chain of fated events that cause their deaths. Before meeting Juliet, Romeo was seen to be melancholic; he was supposedly in love with Rosaline, which was unrequited. He seemed to be introspective, and have a very negative outlook; in Act One, Scene One his father, Montague, said that Romeo had been shutting himself [a]way from light in his room. Romeo appeared to have a very poetic, yet bleak, attitude to love. This is demonstrated by Romeos use of extended oxymoron in Act One, Scene One, where he talked of loving hate, and misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms. His poetic words seemed to indicate that perhaps Romeo was not in love, rather in love with the idea of being in love. He spoke of Rosaline, the object of his love, as though she was a deity, even stating she has characteristics of the goddess Diana (she has Dians wit). The goddess Diana was an emblem of chastity, and the object of Romeos affections has taken a vow of chastity. Ironically, Romeo refuses to examine other beauties, as his friend and kinsman Benvolio suggests at the end of Act One, Scene One. In Act One, Scene Five, when Romeo firsts saw, spoke to, and kissed Juliet, he still used decorative language, and said similar to what he had previously said about Rosaline. He said that Juliet doth teach the torches to burn bright, a metaphor, after first seeing her in Act one, Scene Five, after calling Rosaline the all-seeing sun in Act One, Scene Three. This seems to indicate that Romeo is too quick to announce his love, saying of Juliet what he had said not long ago about Rosaline. He did, however, denounce his previous love and say that his love of Rosaline was not comparable to his love for Juliet in Act One, Scene Five, with the rhetorical question [d]id my hear love till now? . In Act One, Scene Three Juliet is seen to be polite and respectful young girl. Her mother, Lady Capulet, who is less close to Juliet than her Nurse, tried to persuade Juliet to marry a suitor that has been chosen for her. Marriage was an honour that [Juliet] dream[ed] not of, being only thirteen years of age. Lady Capulet, in Act One, Scene Three, told her daughter that [t]he valiant Paris seeks [Juliet] for his love. Juliet seemed in no rush to fall in love and marry at such a young age, she stated she would look to like, but no more deep [ ] endart [her] eye. She appeared grounded, with no unrealistic expectations about love, and in no hurry to find a husband, despite her mothers insistence that girls younger than Juliet [are] made already mothers. When Juliet met Romeo for the first time in Act One, Scene Five, although she echoed Romeos poetic and metaphor rich language, she appeared more playful and flirtatious, telling Romeo he kiss[es] by thbook. In Act Two, Scene Two, Romeo speaks of his love for Juliet and watches her after she appears at the window. He compares her beauty to that of the sun: [it] is the east and Juliet is the sun/Arise, fair sun, when she appears at her window. Shakespeare uses this language to depict that Romeo has elevated Juliet to the stature of a goddess. This is reinstated, with Juliets beauty repeatedly being compared to (and bettering) the brightness of celestial objects; Romeo says that the brightness of her cheek would shame [the] stars. Shakespeare used more positive metaphor, repetition, and a less structured and poetic approach to Romeos speech to show that Romeos newly found love of Juliet has effected a change in his language. Romeo is presented as more happy to love, and simply be in the presence of Juliet: he is eager for her to speak again, rather than strike up a conversation instantly. When Romeo begins speaking to Juliet, after hearing her speak of her love and asking why she must love a member of the family she hates, asking wherefore [is he] Romeo? , Shakespeare wants us to understand Romeos devotion to Juliet. Romeo offers to forsake his name, saying that [h]enceforth [he] never will be Romeo demonstrating his willingness to make sacrifices for the love of Juliet. During this scene Shakespeare repeatedly uses names, or words referring to names (for example, name, or called) to show the conflict between language, the words and names, and experience, reality; Juliet states that a rose/By any other word would spell as sweet. Romeo is eager to exchange [Juliets] loves faithful vow for [his], which shows not only Romeos eagerness to prove his unchangeable love to Juliet, but his need to be loved in return. He tries to swear his love many things, including yonder blessed moon, Juliet takes vowing love much more seriously, and asks Romeo not to swear by the inconstant moon as it is too changing to vow such an important thing on. This presents Juliet as a mature girl, who tries to consider the consequences of actions and promises, whereas Romeo is completely absorbed in the idea of love. Juliet is concerned that her and Romeos love is moving too fast, saying that it is too like the lightening. Shakespeare uses this again showing Juliets rationality, but also showing that she is young, love is new to her and she is in no rush. Romeo does not appear to share these concerns; he is more concerned with loving and being loved, only satisfied by Juliets faithful vow. She is however in love with Romeo, and is not happy to see him go, [p]arting is such sweet sorrow, but is eager to see him again. Towards the end of the scene Juliets language becomes more like Romeos in eagerness to vow love, and in use of simile, comparing Romeo to a wantons bird, tethered by her love. Romeos rashness, loyalty, and need to love Juliet and be loved in return are important characteristics that will end up sealing his grim fate at the end of the play. Juliets young age, and contrasting maturity, grounding in reality and strong will in her love will be ever important, and her need to see a plan through will be important factors that help lead her towards her tragic ending. For never was there a story of more woe/Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.

The Root of Success in Korean Cloning Essay -- Genetics

Korea is currently leading the industry of cloning. There are many cultural and social aspects to why Koreans are leading this industry. David Plotz identifies a theory identified as the â€Å"Chopstick Theory of Scientific Supremacy† in his article titled, â€Å"The Seoul of Clones.† Plotz states Koreans eat with â€Å"narrow, metal chopsticks. Nabbing grains of rice with slippery, steel sticks requires a surgeon’s dexterity† (Plotz, 2005). While this example seems ridiculous, if one dissects the meaning, it can make sense. Koreans are the only Asians that utilize chopsticks that are, quite frankly, hard to use. Japanese and Chinese use thick wooden chopsticks and everyone else in the world uses western utensils or their bare hands to eat. Korean ethics in the workplace is just as meticulous as the chopstick example; they constantly work, sometimes seven days a week, through holidays, and usually until their task is complete, not when their business closes for the day. This ethos of work is highly influenced by the deep cultural beliefs of Confucianism that is embedded in their society. â€Å"Confucianism teaches that workplaces should be run as benevolent hierarchies, with younger and junior people obediently taking guidance from seniors† (Plotz, 2005). Western ideologies promotes individualism, while Confucianism based societies work to support the balance of the chain of command, ultimately giving the boss/supervisor credit for their hard work. Especially with the men (and women) in the Korean workforce, this chain of command structure is nothing new due to the mandatory military service (for men, ages 18 to 35) requirement that is enforced by the government. There are most influences within the social patterns of South Koreans ... ...s/documents/endeavors/volume3/JoshPark.pdf Assessed May 23, 2012. Poleg, Dror. â€Å"Was ‘Confucianism’ important to the Economic Development of Japan and South Korea?† Drorism, January 26, 2011. Web: http://www.drorism.com/2011/01/the-role-of-confucianism-in-the-economic-development-of-japan-and-south-korea.html Assessed May 23, 2012. Plotz, David. â€Å"The Seoul of Clones.† Slate Magazine, October 19, 2005. Web: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/how_they_do_it/2005/10/the_seoul_of_clones.html Assessed May 22, 2012. Scanlon, Charles. â€Å"S Korea’s ‘disgraced’ national hero.† BBC News, November 25, 2005. Web: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4468812.stm Assessed May 23, 2012. Veale, Jennifer. â€Å"South Korea’s Pet Clone Wars.† TIME, February 10, 2009. Web: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1878398,00.html Assessed May 23, 2012. The Root of Success in Korean Cloning Essay -- Genetics Korea is currently leading the industry of cloning. There are many cultural and social aspects to why Koreans are leading this industry. David Plotz identifies a theory identified as the â€Å"Chopstick Theory of Scientific Supremacy† in his article titled, â€Å"The Seoul of Clones.† Plotz states Koreans eat with â€Å"narrow, metal chopsticks. Nabbing grains of rice with slippery, steel sticks requires a surgeon’s dexterity† (Plotz, 2005). While this example seems ridiculous, if one dissects the meaning, it can make sense. Koreans are the only Asians that utilize chopsticks that are, quite frankly, hard to use. Japanese and Chinese use thick wooden chopsticks and everyone else in the world uses western utensils or their bare hands to eat. Korean ethics in the workplace is just as meticulous as the chopstick example; they constantly work, sometimes seven days a week, through holidays, and usually until their task is complete, not when their business closes for the day. This ethos of work is highly influenced by the deep cultural beliefs of Confucianism that is embedded in their society. â€Å"Confucianism teaches that workplaces should be run as benevolent hierarchies, with younger and junior people obediently taking guidance from seniors† (Plotz, 2005). Western ideologies promotes individualism, while Confucianism based societies work to support the balance of the chain of command, ultimately giving the boss/supervisor credit for their hard work. Especially with the men (and women) in the Korean workforce, this chain of command structure is nothing new due to the mandatory military service (for men, ages 18 to 35) requirement that is enforced by the government. There are most influences within the social patterns of South Koreans ... ...s/documents/endeavors/volume3/JoshPark.pdf Assessed May 23, 2012. Poleg, Dror. â€Å"Was ‘Confucianism’ important to the Economic Development of Japan and South Korea?† Drorism, January 26, 2011. Web: http://www.drorism.com/2011/01/the-role-of-confucianism-in-the-economic-development-of-japan-and-south-korea.html Assessed May 23, 2012. Plotz, David. â€Å"The Seoul of Clones.† Slate Magazine, October 19, 2005. Web: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/how_they_do_it/2005/10/the_seoul_of_clones.html Assessed May 22, 2012. Scanlon, Charles. â€Å"S Korea’s ‘disgraced’ national hero.† BBC News, November 25, 2005. Web: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4468812.stm Assessed May 23, 2012. Veale, Jennifer. â€Å"South Korea’s Pet Clone Wars.† TIME, February 10, 2009. Web: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1878398,00.html Assessed May 23, 2012.

The Usage Of A Bandgap Reference Voltage Engineering Essay

A bandgap mention electromotive force is an indispensable constituent of an parallel to digital converter.It is frequently used to provide a mention electromotive force which is compared with others voltages.The bandgap mention used in diverse applications is based on the thought of Hilbiler in 1964 [ 1 ] aˆ‚A bandgap mention electromotive force with low sensitiveness to temperature and supply electromotive force is normally required in parallel or digital circuits. Low electromotive force and low power are two of import design standards in both parallel and digital systems.It been expected that the whole electronics system will be operated down to a individual 1-V supply in near future.The bandgap mention ( BGR ) generators which can be operated under 1-V supply have been widely used in DRAM, falsh memories, analog-digital convertor ( ADC ) and assorted parallel devices.So far many techniques have been proposed to develop electromotive force or current mentions, which can be about independent to temperature and power supply voltage.The bandgap mention is the major design to supply a preciseness electromotive force mention with low sensitiveness to the temperature and the power supply.when CMOS engineerings enter the nano-scale epoch, The demand for battery operated portable equipments will increase.the supply electromotive force has been scaled down from 1.8V ( in 0.18 µm engineering ) to 1.2V ( in 0.13 µm engineering ) , and will drop to merely 0.9V in the following coevals engineering [ 2 ] .In CMOS engineering, the parasitic perpendicular bipolar junction ( BJT ) had been normally used to implement P-N junction of the bandgap reference.But the traditional CMOS bandgap mention circuits did non work in sub 1-V supply voltage.the ground, that the minimal supply electromotive force can non be lower than 1V is constrained by two factors, which is the bandgap electromotive force of around 1.25V in Si, which is exceeds 1V supply.The others factor is the low-tension design of the relative to absolute temperature current coevals cringle is limited by input common-mode electromotive force of the amplifier.These two limitions can be solved by utilizing the resistive subdivision methods, low threshold electromotive force ( or indigen ) device, BiCMOS procedure or DTMOS device.However, those attacks frequently require specialised procedure and word picture which addition fiction cost and procedure stairss. Reference electromotive force generators are required to be stabilized over procedure, electromotive force and temperature fluctuations and besides implemented without alteration of fiction process.The bandgap mention ( BGR ) is one of the most popular mention electromotive force generators that successfully achieve the requirements.regarding the generators, the demand for the low power and low electromotive force operation is strongly increasing the spread of the battery-operated portable applications.A bandgap mention electromotive force is an indispensable constituent of an analog-to-digital converterIt is frequently used to provide a mention electromotive force which is compared with others voltage. A bandgap mention electromotive force with low sensitiveness to temperature and supply electromotive force is normally required in parallel or digital circuits.there are several methods to recognize a temperature independent voltage.the base emitter junction used as a nucleus constitu ent of the bandgap mention is the most popular approach.the general bandgap mention electromotive force mention electromotive force is described by a additive combination of base-emitter electromotive force. Bandgap mention circuit is widely used to supply stable current and electromotive force mentions in parallel circuits every bit good as in assorted signal CMOS circuits.A stable mention circuit should be robust against temperature, power supply and procedure variations.Sub-1-V mention coevals has got importance due to scaling ensuing in shrinking of MOS dimensions and decrease of power supply to minimise power ingestion. owing to follow Moore ‘s Law, it has become needfully of import to diminish the power in the chip.This puts the restraint on the power dissipation of mention generators.the design of this bandgap besides see for low power operation..In traditional BGR circuit, bipolar transistors and one or more resistances are used.BJTs that are used in BGR are in parasitic signifier in CMOS.resistor occupy big country on the bit and hence addition the cost.on bit tolerance of resistances vary from 20 % to 30 % .So, we have to replaced these constituents with MOS transistors t o better public presentation of BGR and to salvage bit area.The combination of different runing parts like subthreshold, additive and impregnation of MOS suppresses the temperature dependance of electromotive force mention.Aims:To set up a dc electromotive force or current that is independent of the supply and procedure and has a chiseled behaviour with temperature. To plan the BGR that independently to temperature and low noise and low electromotive force To plan bandgap mention that can be successfully operated with sub 1-V supply in standard 0.35 CMOS procedure without particular procedure engineering.Problem statementWhen CMOS technologies enter the nano-scales epoch, the demand for battery-operated portable equipments will increase.The supply electromotive force has been scaled down from 1.8V ( in 0.18 m engineering ) to 1.2V ( in 0.13 engineering ) and will drop to merely 0.9V in the following engineering [ 2 ] .in CMOS engineering, the parasitic perpendicular bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) had been used to implement the high preciseness bandgap electromotive force references.However, the convential BGR generates a 1.25V mention voltage.Its fixed end product electromotive force limited the supply electromotive force and non suited for sub 1-V supply volateg operation.The ground why the conventional CMOS bandgap mention did non work in close 1-V supply voltage.One is that the bandgap end product electromotive force is about 1 .25V [ 3 ] , which exceeds 1-V supply.The others is that the low temperature electromotive force design of the relative to absolute temperature current coevals cringle is limited by the input common-mode electromotive force of the amplifier.These two restrictions can be solved by utilizing the resistive subdivision method [ 4 ] , low threshold electromotive force device [ 5 ] , BiCMOS procedure or DTMOST [ 6 ] . But, those attacks frequently require specialised procedure and word picture which can increase fiction cost and procedure step.However, the bandgap mention working in low supply electromotive force has a higher temperature coeeficient than that of traditional bandgap reference.This resulted in the development of new temperature compensated techniques such as quadratic temperature compensation [ 7 ] , exponential temperature compensation [ 8 ] , piecewise additive curvature rectification [ 9 ] and resistance temperature compensation [ 10 ] .To implement these advanced mathem atical maps with high truth, the development of the low electromotive force bandgap construction requires precision matching of current mirrors or a pre-regulated supply electromotive force, cascade current mirror [ 11 ] , and pre-regulated circuit are good methods to work out this problem.but the minimal supply electromotive force is tradeoff.Scope of work:A typical CMOS execution of a bandgap mention is shown in Fig. 1. The end product mention electromotive force VREF of the traditional bandgap mention circuit can be written as: Equation 1 trad bgr.bmp Figure 1: Traditional/conventional BGR circuit in CMOS engineering where A1 and A2 is the emitter countries of Q1 and Q2, and VT is thermic electromotive force. The 2nd term in ( 1 ) is relative to the absolute temperature ( PTAT ) , which is used to call off the negative temperature coefficient of VEB. Hence, if a proper ration of resistances is kept, an end product electromotive force with lowsensitivity to the temperature can be obtained. In general, the VREF is about 1.25 V, so that the conventional bandgap mention circuit can non be used in low electromotive force application, such as 1 V. Mention electromotive forces and/or currents with small dependance to temperature turn out utile in many parallel circuits. As many procedure parametric quantities vary with temperature, if a mention is temperature-independent, it is normally processindependent every bit good. If two measures with opposite temperature coefficient are added with proper weighting, the attendant measure theoretically exhibits zero temperature coefficient. The construct of the new proposed bandgap mention is that the two electromotive forces ( which are relative to VEB and VT ) are generated by merely one feedback cringle. The two-stage operational amplifier with p-channel input is used in thisnew proposed bandgap mention. The new proposed bandgap mention is shown in Fig. 2, which uses the resistive subdivision R1a, R1b, R2a and R2b to cut down the input common-mode electromotive force of the amplifier.The dimensions of PMOS devices M1 and M2 are the same.The opposition of R1a and R2a is the same, and th e resistanceof R1b and R2b is the same. Following the KCL at the nodesof V1 and V2 in Fig. 2, the mention electromotive force can be expressed as New Picture.bmp Equation 2 Where and.According to equation below: ) /R4 We can expressed equation 2.The point of Vref-conv is indistinguishable to the conventional mention electromotive force in equation ( 1 ) .In order to accomplish sub 1-V operation, the ratio of R1b/ ( R1a+R1b ) is used to scale down the mention electromotive force level.Therefore, the minimal supply electromotive force of the new proposed BGR can be efficaciously reduced to merely. The new proposed BGR mentions can operated under bomber 1V.The whole complete circuit to recognize the proposed bomber 1V BGR is shown below: New Picture ( 1 ) .bmp Figure 2: Complete circuit for new proposed Sub1V So, from the comparing above, I can clearly cognize what I will make on my ain undertaking, what my range of work.From this, i ‘ll go on the new proposed BGR design that already done but I will seek to minimise the supply electromotive force, temperature independent and noise consequence as possible so the BGR will successfully operated in sub 1-V.